What Is the E3 Model developed by Goodfriend and Simcock to explain relationship violence?

Wind Goodfriend, PhD, MS, BA

April 1, 2024

Question

What is the E3 Model developed by Goodfriend and Simcock to explain Relationship Violence?

Answer

Goodfriend and Simcock proposed the E3 model in 2022 to understand the psychological experiences of victims and survivors of relationship violence. The E3 model identifies three phases that targets of violence go through:

Entrapment refers to the early stage of the relationship when abuse is not present but the perpetrator is starting to seduce and manipulate their partner. The abuse slowly escalates as the perpetrator tests boundaries.

Escape represents the point when the target recognizes the relationship is unhealthy and seeks to leave. This phase examines both the ways targets can successfully escape as well as barriers preventing them from leaving initially.

Elevation is the phase after leaving the relationship where the target works to heal from the trauma and rebuild their self-esteem and confidence. However, the phases are not linear and targets may fluctuate between them.

The E3 model emphasizes that each target's journey through these phases is unique and challenging. The model advocates providing support and resources to help targets through all three stages. It offers a framework for understanding the psychological transitions and growth of relationship violence survivors.

This Ask the Expert is an excerpt from the course, Relationship Violence and Research, presented by Wind Goodfriend, PhD, MS, BA.

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