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Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sickle Cell Anemia Pathogenesis and Pulmonary Risk Factors

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1.  Research by Somers et al. concluded obstructive sleep apnea could increase a person's risk of stroke by:
  1. 10%
  2. 20%
  3. 40%
  4. 60%
  5. 80%
2.  Sickle cell affects the shape of ___________, which carries oxygen to all parts of the body.
  1. Red blood cells
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Platelets
  4. Macrophages
3.  This abnormal form of beta‑globin causes red blood cells to sickle:
  1. Hemoglobin sickle (HbS)
  2. Haemoglobin E thalassaemia (HbE)
  3. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
  4. Embryonic hemoglobin (Hb Gower-1 )
4.  Pulmonary manifestations of sickle cell disease include which of the following?
  1. Nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation
  2. Increased airway reactivity
  3. Acute chest syndrome (ACS)
  4. All of the above
5.  Repetitive episodes of acute chest syndrome (ACS) can develop long-term lung complications, such as:
  1. Edema
  2. Amyloid plaques
  3. Lung fibrosis
  4. Bronchitis